Topshop Marketing Plan - 5356 Words

Marketing Plan Executive summary This marketing plan examines the case of TOPSHOP as a UK’s fast-fashion retailer. The following marketing plan is structured according the SOSTAC framework. Topshop is operating under the parental Arcadia Group. Over the latest years, Topshop has been one of the most popular UK’s fast-fashion retailers. The company is a multinational Omni-channel fashion retailer. Topshop is well-known for its high-quality products in medium low prices. The company’s portfolio owns a wide range of products and services. According to the Situational Analysis, the UK’s macro environment has changed over the latest years. The UK’s fast-fashion industry is becoming more and more cluttered with competitors from both UK†¦show more content†¦Topshop in terms of gaining the competitive advantage inside UK’s fashion market tries to differentiate itself by promoting its online business, its international brand position and its collaborations with popular celeb rities. The company’s objectives are following the SMART framework. The objectives are oriented on increasing UK’s market share, re-positioning the brand name in UK and following a tighter stock management. The Topshop marketing mix strategy is based on its STP strategies and is shaped by the UK’s external environment. However, the company is still strong focused on its digital performance and international expansion. Finally, the company in terms of examine the effectiveness of its strategies and objectives should implement, control and evaluate its strategies in depth. Table of Contents 1.Introduction 4 2. Company’s Profile 4 2.1 Topshop History 4 2.2 Scope of Operations 5 3. Situational Analysis 6 3.1 External Analysis/UK’s Macro-Environment 6 3.2 Internal Analysis 12 4. Marketing Strategy 14 4.1 Objectives 14 4.2 SMART Objectives 15 4.3 Generic Growth Strategy 18 4.4 STP Strategy 18 4.5 Marketing Mix 19 5. Implementation, Control amp; Evaluation 21 6. Conclusion 22 7. References 23 8. Appendices 24 8.1 Appendix 1 24 8.2 Appendix 2 25 8.3 Appendix 3 26 1.Introduction The aim of this Marketing Plan is to examine and evaluate the implementation of Top Shop’s marketingShow MoreRelatedtopshop marketing plan1483 Words   |  6 Pageswangyt_1002@hotmail.com    TOPSHOP Marketing Plan Prepared:  [25 Dec 2013] Table of Contents 1 Marketing Plan Summary [Please complete this page last] [The marketing plan summary is a snapshot of your more detailed answers from your marketing plan. It should be easy to read and simple to follow.  ] Introduction of Topshop Business name:  Topshop Corporation Business structure:  Topshop Corporation is ownedRead MoreThe Growth Of Electric Shopping1068 Words   |  5 PagesCompany Profile of both organisations Topshop (Figure12, Topshop Logo and retail store) Topshop is a famous high street clothing retailer in the UK which belongs to the Arcadia Group that founded in 1964 as a fashion brand within the Sheffield branch of the Peter Robinson Ltd chain initially until 1970s. It had become a stand-alone store, and settled its flagship store on 214 Oxford Street in 1994. (Arcadiagroup.co.uk, 2016) There are more than 300 alone Topshop stores in the UK and over 140 storesRead MoreUnderstanding Retail - identify the competitive factors in the retail environment in a selected organisation1610 Words   |  7 Pagestry to strike competitive advantages by marketing using the fours P’s; product, price, place and promotion. The four P’s will influence all organisations to analyse the structure of their marketing as it is vital that they override the competitive factors between all businesses surrounding them. By using strategy (what they are going to do) and tactics (how they are going to do it) the organisation will gain an advantage as it will give them a structured plan. An organisation will be influenced toRead MoreTopshop Company Profile Essay6285 Words   |  26 PagesIntroduction Topshop is a one-stop shop for fashion conscious women. It is an innovative, British brand offering a wide product range, that is trend driven at an affordable price. With a target audience of women aged 15 to 30, particularly focusing on students, offering a 10% discount to all students who shop at Topshop. Topshop are known for their fast fashion, selling trend based pieces at an affordable price, capitalizing on being British and selling the ideology of the British it girl whoRead MoreZaras Competitors2704 Words   |  11 Pages We have chosen two other comparable brands in the market to illustrate the differences and similarities among various fashion brands and to help us understand this industry better. The two main competitors of Zara are Forever 21 and Topshop. Forever 21 and Topshop are entirely two different companies originated from two different countries, the United States of America and England respectively, but they are similar in terms of their sense in fashion and uniqueness in trends. Although they are bothRead MoreThe Organization Of Topshop And Successful Company2593 Words   |  11 PagesNaysmith Marketing Report Topshop 2014 EC1400614 Contents Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Micro Environment...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 Macro Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5/6/7 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8/9/10 The Marketing Mix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11/12 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Introduction The following report will be focusing on the organisation of Topshop – a well-knownRead MoreTopshop in Mexico5565 Words   |  23 PagesFindings 6 3.1 An Analysis of Mexico 6 3.2 Topshop Market Entry into Mexico 7 3.3 The Target and Positioning Strategies 8 4. The Marketing Mix 9 4. 1 Product 9 4.2 Place amp; Distribution 10 4.3 Pricing 12 4.4 Promotion 13 5. Conclusion 14 6. Appendices 15 7. Bibliography 19 1. Executive Summary This report is to investigate Topshop, a women’s apparel and accessories retailer based in the United KingdomRead MoreTopshop Case Study2631 Words   |  11 Pagesstudy focuses on the aspects of Top Shop and their business. Topshop is a UK leading Fashion retailer. Topshop started in 1964 in the basement of Peter Robinson, a department store in the North of England. It is part of the long standing retail force of the Arcadia Group which includes Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Miss Selfridge and Wallis. Topshop has over 300 stores across the UK and over 100 in international territories. In 1965 Topshop was given the basement of the largest Peter Robinson store rightRead MoreWhat Is the Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry, and How Will It Develop in the Next Five Years?1862 Words   |  8 Pagesgarments; promoters and communicators then deal with the next steps, such as: image concept or brand to either an audience or market. The Oxford English Dictionary states that fashion is a popular trend, especially in dress and the production and marketing of new styles of clothing and cosmetics. It states that promotion is an activity that supports or encourages, the publicizing of a product or celeb rity, (promotions) the activity or business of organizing such publicity and elevation toRead MoreEssay about The Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry1761 Words   |  8 Pagesgarments; promoters and communicators then deal with the next steps, such as: image concept or brand to either an audience or market. The Oxford English Dictionary states that fashion is a popular trend, especially in dress and the production and marketing of new styles of clothing and cosmetics. It states that promotion is an activity that supports or encourages, the publicizing of a product or celebrity, (promotions) the activity or business of organizing such publicity and elevation to

Book Analysis of A Biography of George Washington The...

William Thayers book A Biography of George Washington: The Patriot President provides readers with a complex account regarding the first president of the United States. Thayer relates to his outstanding military experience and to how he managed to stay alive in spite of the fact that he was constantly present on the frontlines. The manuscript provides readers with the chance to gain a better understanding of what makes a leader valuable both when considering frontlines and when considering leadership positions in general. This is an inspiring story focused on demonstrating that Washington was determined to do everything in his power in order to guarantee the wellbeing of his people. The first presidents personae is especially intriguing because of his ability to stay concentrated on thinking morally in spite of the fact that he held a position that made him vulnerable to favoring particular groups over others. Washington experienced rapid success during his early life as a result of his connections with Thomas Fairfax. The facts that he was a topographer and that he earned a lot of military experience during the French-English war proved to be essential when considering his later achievements. The first president lived an aristocratic lifestyle and managed to impose his point of view in situations when army regulars attempted to undermine his authority. He experienced graduate progress as a military leader and came to lead the Continental Army in 1775 because of hisShow MoreRelated George Washington Essay2467 Words   |  10 Pages Washington, George (1732-99), commander in chief of the Continental army during the American Revolution, and later the first president of the United States. He symbolized qualities of discipline, aristocratic duty, military orthodoxy, and persistence in adversity that his contemporaries particularly valued as marks of mature political leadership. Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, the eldest son of Augustine Washington, a Virginia planter, and Mary BallRead MoreEssay about Phd Comprehensive Exam. in Leadership15004 Words   |  61 PagesComprehensive Examination Written Responses Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by George E. Anderson III Leadership School of Business and Technology Capella University QUESTION 1 The mixed method has recently become a popular method of research. Analyze and compare the mixed method, qualitative and quantitative research methods. Evaluate the effectiveness of each as a valid method of research on models of militaryRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Earning of actors and professional athletes free essay sample

With the development of economy, people are satisfied with the physical needs. Thus people began to chase the spiritual needs. Entertainment and sports became an important way to do so. So there are many actors and professional athletes appeared. And they usually can get much money from their job, which many people cannot understand. Because people think actors and professional athletes are not worthy to get high salary. However, I think that actors and professional athletes deserve this treatment because of the specialty of their jobs. First of all, actors and professional athletes do not have any privacy for their daily life, which normal people cannot image. Then, they have to do so many professional exercises that are easy to get hurt. Also, many actors and athletes only can work for a few years. Finally, their entertainment can actually attract people, so people like them and are willing to pay for it. For all the reasons above, actors and professional athletes absolutely are worthy to be paid that much. To begin with, actors’ and athletes’ life are exposed to the public. Because of their fame, normal people are curious about how they spend their life. Whoever they fell in love with or married to, their fans and paparazzi all concentrate on them. Actors and athletes need to bear the pressure from public. Indeed, if they did something wrong, they will have got so many critics and their reputation will be decreased dramatically. Thus, some medias want to earn money through exaggerating their behaviors, even making the false reports about actors’ and athletes’ behavior. Take Michael Jackson as an example, he was said â€Å"molesting boys† by many media. According to California Report, â€Å"news reports have said the child is a 12- or 13-year-old boy who visited Jackson at his Neverland Ranch, a storybook play land where the singer was known to have sleepovers for children and share his bed with youngsters. † At that time, people all misunderstood Michael Jackson and blamed him. So Michael Jackson’s career, life and spirit all got lethal hurt. However, until he died, all the truth was reported. â€Å"Jurors also acquitted Jackson of getting the boy drunk and of conspiring to imprison his accuser and the boys family at the storybook estate a complete legal victory but one that may do little to improve his bizarre image. † Therefore, actors and athletes are toilsome of bearing the social pressure, which means they should earn much money to balance. Moreover, actors and athletes have to take many hard exercises to reach the professional level. In these strict exercises, especially athletes, they are easy to get injured at different degrees. Sometimes, athletes will get permanent disabilities and they cannot do sports anymore. According to China Daily, â€Å"Volleyball star Tang Miao is facing permanent paralysis after he broke his neck while warming up for a training session on Wednesday in Russia. A consular official said Tangs head collided with the wall when he went to save a ball, which increased the damage in his lumbar and cervical vertebrae. † The volleyball star could not join sports any more. Actually, sportsmen are trying their best to do sports, even lost their lives. So do actors. Shooting a film is not an easy thing to do. Sometimes they have to wear summer cloths in snowy day or wear cotton-wadded jacket in sunny days. Even some scenes cannot be finished at first time. So actors should do it again and again. Consequently, actors and athletes are paid much because they gave much. Furthermore, actors and athletes usually have a limited career life. For actors, some old actors can continue their career because they have a really good health. In spite of old actors still can work, the roles that they can play will become lesser and lesser with the increase of their age. For instance, it is dangerous for old actors to play an action movie. Sometimes they cannot afford the high-intensive shooting. So these old actors only can accept one or two plays per year. Absolutely, they have to spend their money that they earned in the young years. It is different from the daily working people. Besides, only very famous actors can get many chances to shoot. For athletes, when athletes become older, their health is not good enough to do the hard exercises, which they have to face in the career life. For instance, some lucky and capable athletes can be a coach when they retired from sports. However, not everyone can be the coach. In China, the athletes all focus on their exercise instead of cultural education. So when they retired, they cannot find a good job for living. According to David Wertime, a columnist of sports, â€Å"Chinese Weightlifting champion Zou Chunlan fell on hard times after retiring in 1993 and now works at a public bathhouse to eke out a living. She earns less than 500 RMB (about 75 dollars) per month. Years of training have affected her body. † So their life is difficult to maintain if they retired from their career. Obviously, it is reasonable that they earned much when they can work. Last but not least, their entertainment can help them to get so many fans, and they would like to support actors and athletes. These famous actors and athletes not only have one economic source. They can take advertisements, play movies, sing songs, play sports games, and play TV shows. And whatever they do, their fans will support them and be willing to pay. In the same way, if there is a fans meeting for your loved actors, I guess you will really want to go, whatever how much you should pay. And the sports game also likes this way. As we can see from the â€Å"Movie Star†, â€Å"Using fan club journals, fan letters, and studio production records, Samantha Barbas reveals how the passion, enthusiasm, and sometimes possessive advocacy of the modern mass media, and American popular culture. Barbas sheds new light on the development of the cult of celebrity in America, and demonstrates that while fans were avid consumers of the film industry, they did not mindlessly accept the images presented to them by the studios. Fans reacted to movies and stars with excitement, anger, confusion, joy, or boredom. Far from a united force, fans were often complex, and never predictable. † So the power of fans cannot be ignored. As long as they want to pay for the performance of their idol, actors and athletes can earn from their enthusiasm. In a word, actors and athletes can earn much money due to these four reasons. Firstly, they cannot get privacy from their daily life. Then they have to do so many difficult exercises. Next, they are hard to get a good job when they retired, even cannot work any more. Finally, they own many fans that can support them. All the reason above can obviously explain why they earn that much. Thus, actors and athletes actually give much for their return.

Theories of Addiction General Counseling Methods

General counseling methods There are numerous counseling methods applicable in the treatment of addictions. They are helpful in establishing critical treatment methods meant to curb the aspects of drug abuse and the alleged addictions. One of the general counseling methods applicable in this context is the motivational interviewing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Addiction: General Counseling Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Drug addicts require well-orchestrated counseling mechanisms that will enhance their willingness to quit drug abuse and the characterizing addiction. Motivational interviewing tends to unveil the issues related to drug addiction and formulate strategies that can motivate drug addicts to quite the vice (Peele, 1998). Another treatment method is the Cognitive-Behavioral Theory (CBT). CBT addresses all emotional, behavioral, and cognitive dysfunctions usually experienced by drug addicts. This makes the method quite relevant and applicable as a treatment method in the entire context. The two methods chosen are useful in the addiction treatment due to their applicability, convenience, relevancy, and conventionality in counseling and addressing the provisions of drug addiction. Dry Drunk Syndrome Dry Drunk Syndrome refers to a situation where one seems drunk even without taking any alcohol (experiences alcoholic lapse). The situation is evident among addicted individuals who usually experience withdrawal symptoms after quitting the concerned drug. The alcoholic retains mental and behavioral characters connected with drunkenness (DeSena, 2005). This occurs even when he/she has not drunk alcohol. This syndrome relates perfectly with most of the theories studied in this module. Theoretically, addicted individuals or those who have consumed alcohol for long might face mental problems thus exhibiting behaviors related to drunkenness even if they have not taken alcohol. This relates to the aspects of addiction mentioned earlier in the paper. A situation of an ex-smoker who socially smokes An ex-smoker who socially smokes is probably enhancing his or her smoking behaviors again. It is important to understand that despite him or her quitting smoking, the fact that he/she occasionally smokes is devastating. His body system might rekindle the smoking behavior hence posing a considerable threat to his/her wellbeing. This is a very important consideration in various aspects. There is a substantial root of addiction in this situation. Biologically, the body system of this ex-smoker will start registering the chemicals (nicotine) presented to it by the cigarette hence triggering the aspects of addiction.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The body will need the chemical in order to operate fully. Additionally, the situation might trigger the withdraw al symptoms associated with smoking hence necessitating him/her to smoke again (Peele, 1998). Psychologically, the concerned ex-smoker might develop a system where he/she enjoys social smoking hence must do it daily. This triggers the aspects of addiction by submitting to the psychological needs. Lindesmith’s Conditioning Model The study of addiction affects societal perceptions on addiction in numerous ways. The study demonstrates the cognitive aspects of addiction plus other related psychological concerns in this context. Illuminating extensively on the scientific and psychological prospects of addiction can reform how the society perceives it. This is an important consideration in various contexts. According to Lindesmith, the society will be able to perceive addiction differently hence making approaches in fighting/preventing the vice (Peele, 1998). Concurrently, it is important to agree that addiction has been over-diagnosed in the US’s culture as claimed. There a re various instances of the vice despite the efforts to eradicate it. Additionally, various people in the society including the youth have indulged into drug abuse and addiction. Conclusively, the outline of a ‘successful theory of addiction’ is adequate due to its applicability, appropriateness, conventionality, and efficiency in discerning the aspects of addiction. References DeSena, J. (2005). Overcoming your alcohol, drug and recovery habits: An empowering alternative to AA and 12-step treatment. Tuscan, Arizona: See Sharp Press. Peele, S. (1998). The meaning of addiction: An unconventional view. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers. This essay on Theories of Addiction: General Counseling Methods was written and submitted by user Barbara Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sweet Quotes

Sweet Quotes There are some words that touch our heart in a very special way. They make us say, Aww! That was so sweet! On this page, I have some really sweet quotes with a hint of innocence, a dash of love, and oodles of attitude in them. Irish BlessingsMay God give you: For every storm a rainbow, for every tear a smile, for every care a promise and a blessing in each trial. For every problem life sends, a faithful friend to share, for every sigh a sweet song and an answer for each prayer. Julie AndrewsSometimes Im so sweet even I cant stand it. Oscar Hammerstein IIDo I love you because youre beautiful, or are you beautiful because I love you? Am I making believe I see in you, a woman too perfect to be really true? Do I want you because youre wonderful, or are you wonderful because I want you? Are you the sweet invention of a lovers dream, or are you really as beautiful as you seem? SenecaThings that were hard to bear are sweet to remember. AnonymousLoving you is like breathing, how can I stop? Helen KellerThe best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched - they must be felt with the heart AnonymousNobody loves a woman because she is handsome or ugly, stupid or intelligent. We love becaus e we love. Lisa HoffmanLove is like pi natural, irrational, and very important. Jennifer TylerMy mind tells me to give up, but my heart wont let me. Oscar WildeWho, being loved, is poor? AnonymousPlease God, make my words today sweet and tender, for tomorrow I may have to eat them. Lisa MoriyamaIf a relationship is to evolve, it must go through a series of endings. PlatoAt the touch of love, everyone becomes a poet. Mother TeresaWe can not do great things. We can only do little things with great love. Satchel PaigeWork like you dont need the money. Love like youve never been hurt. Dance like nobodys watching.

Free Family History Databases at Your Local Library

Free Family History Databases at Your Local Library Your library card could be the key that unlocks your family tree. Many libraries across the U.S. and elsewhere around the world subscribe to multiple databases for the use of their members. Dig through the list and youre likely to find some genealogical gems, such as the  Biographical and Genealogy Master Index  or  Ancestry Library Edition. Databases offered by your local library may include biographies, obituaries, census and immigration records, birth and marriage records, phone books and historical newspapers. A particular library may subscribe to as few as one or two such databases, while others may offer a wide range of free databases. Some of the most useful library databases for genealogical research include: Ancestry Library Edition  - Ancestry Library Edition offers a wide and diverse variety of content allowing you to trace your family history. In the U.S., this includes the complete Federal Census Collection, 1790-1930; an Immigration Collection, including passenger lists and naturalization petitions; Military Records including World War I Draft Registration and Civil War records, and other family and local history records. In the UK, youll find many of these items, as well as the UK and Ireland census, the England Wales civil registration index and the BT phone book archives. Many of the items youll find on Ancestry.com, but free for participating library patrons accessing the database from library computers. Heritage Quest Online  - This library offering from ProQuest contains over 25,000 family and local history books, the entire US Federal Census, PERSI, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Warrant Application files, and other genealogical collections. Unlike Ancestry L ibrary Edition, HeritageQuestOnline is available via remote access from libraries which choose to offer the feature. Proquest Obituaries  - More than 10 million obituaries and death notices appearing in top U.S. national newspapers dating back to 1851 appear in this library database, with full digital images from the actual paper. This database, at launch, included obituaries from The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Chicago Tribune, The Washington Post, The Atlanta Constitution, The Boston Globe and The Chicago Defender. More newspapers are planned for addition over time. Historical newspaper collections  - A large number of libraries offer access to some type of historical newspaper collection. These may be local newspapers, national newspapers, or newspapers of more global interest. The ProQuest Historical Newspaper Collection, for example, includes full text and full image articles from the major American newspapers:Chicago Tribune  (April 23, 1849-Dec. 31, 1985);  The New York Times  (Sept 18, 1851-Dec. 31, 2002);and  The Wall Street Journal  (July 8, 1889-Dec. 31, 198 8). The Times Digital Archive database is a full-image online archive of every page published by  The Times  (London) from 1785-1985. NewspaperArchive also offers a library version, with convenient online access to full-page historical newspapers from across the US, along with papers in the United Kingdom, Canada, Jamaica and other countries dating from 1759-1977. Libraries may also offer individual access to a variety of newspapers. Biographical and Genealogy Master Index  - A master index to biographies published since the 1970s in a wide variety of collective biography volumes. In addition to providing the individuals name, birth, and death dates (where available), the source document is listed for further reference. Digital Sanborn Maps, 1867-1970  - Yet another ProQuest offering, this database provides digital access to more than 660,000 large-scale Sanborn maps of more than 12,000 American towns and cities. Created for insurance adjusters, these maps provide a great deal of detail on the structures exisiting in larger towns and cities, along with street names, property boundaries and other useful information. Many of these databases can be accessed remotely by library patrons with a valid library card and PIN. Check with your local town, county or state library to find out what databases they offer, and apply for a library card if you dont already have one. Some states in the United States actually offer access to these databases for all residents of their state! If you cant find what you need locally, look around. Some libraries allow patrons who dont live in their coverage area to purchase a library card. For a useful list of libraries of U.S. libraries that offer remote, in-home access to the HeritageQuest Online database, see  HeritageQuestOnline  at EOGN.com. Many of these will likely offer a few of these other databases as well.

Reflective report , on Do organizations align the recruitment and Dissertation

Reflective report , on Do organizations align the recruitment and selection of talent with their corporate strategy - Dissertation Example Corporate strategies mirror lasting personnel strategy and direct the employment and choice policy. Introduction In modern day, the task of human resource is no longer a back office function as it was back in the days (Gold, Thorpe & Mumford 2010). For a long time, scholars have embarked on intensive research on better methods of improving the practice of human resource management. The success of any given organization is highly dependent on the ability and talent adopted by a company. Unlike long ago where recruitment of new talent was depended on the traditional approach, it now has undergone transformations and has incorporated new ideas such as career orientation from time to time. The general idea behind recruitment of new talent is generally to align personnel practices to the overall business strategy. Thoughts In fact, the responsibility of human resourcing is viewed as a form of strategic business function. Every organization seeks to create a business impact in every form t hrough development of talent management skills. The reason for this is that organizations bear in mind that performance is largely dependent on the type of labor and skills employed. I tend to think that organizations hire for varying reasons. ... Incorporation of talent management into a company’s corporate structure is a big step towards adopting a capability driven team (Gold, Thorpe & Mumford 2010). The different organizations have varying forms of acquiring new staff. There a number of processes involved when it comes to the process of constructing a strong human resource arm of an organization. To most organizations, the main aim of hiring new staff is mainly aid accurate and objective decision making in a bid to get the most qualified staff only. Every company aims projects to have only the best in the market at the right place in the organization. Some companies have gone ahead, and even adopted Softwares that are meant to efficiently monitor systematic recruitment process (Gold, Thorpe & Mumford 2010). An example of this system is the SAAS, which stands for software as a recruit service. The software conducts simple recruitment functions such as attracting, selecting, and sourcing and even better yet, inducting new staff. Another such like software used in hiring is the PageUp people system (Gold, Thorpe & Mumford 2010). This system is flexible, very accurate, easy to work with and quick. The software is said to provide the efficiency in recording performance of the many applicants concerned. Feelings I strongly feel that strategic human resource management is crucial in organizations as it determines how well the investment function will be carried out. It is the responsibility of the human resource manager to conducts strategizing comprehensive efforts to only source for the best talent. The process of talent management in organizations entails a series of activities, which include talent identification, internal and external development as well as motivation, and talent

EU law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EU law - Essay Example The European Union has also come up with several measures that will help it in dealing with the member states who do not comply with the union’s laws. Key Question: How can an individual or business enforce its rights under EU law at national level? 1. What does â€Å"DIRECT EFFECT† mean? This is a principle of European law that applies to varying aspects of their law which are enforceable by the union citizens within their respective member states. This is carried out regardless of the fact that these countries may have initiated laws for their country that will be charged with implementing their provisions1. 2. Which EU measures can have direct effect? (a) Treaty articles- Have a direct effect as can be seen in the case of Van Gend en Loos v Netherlandse Administratie Der Belastingen Case 26/62 [1963]. This case established that the provisions under the treaty that helped in forming the European Union were indeed capable of establishing other legal rights that were en forceable by individuals living within the member states2. (b) Regulations- Have a direct effect as witnessed in the judgment at the case between Politi SAS v Italian Ministry of Finance Case 43/71 [1971] which concerned itself with the levying of duties on poultry imports to Italy3. (c) Decisions- Have a direct effect since as per the judgment made in the case of Grad v Finanzamt Traunstein Case 9/70 [1970] the nature, wording and backgrounds of the provisions found in various questions must be ascertained for the purpose of establishing the legal relationship between a third party and an addressee4. (d) Directives- Have a direct effect. In the case of Van Duyn v Home Office, a Dutch citizen by the name of van duyn was denied entry into the country for her affiliation to a scientific religion that was largely believed by the government to be communally harmful. After suing on the basis of the Rome treaty, the court was later on referred to the Justice court of the European Union5. (e) Recommendations and opinions- Do not have a direct effect. According to the rulings case of Grimaldi v Fonds des Malaises Professionelles Case 322/88 [1989], recommendations with no binding effects do not have a direct effect on the parties to the case6. 3. What conditions must be satisfied? (a) Treaty articles, Regulations and decisions: Three conditions on the direct effect the treaty, regulations and decisions may have were identified from the cases of NV Algemene Transporten Expedite Onderneming Van Gend En Loos V. Nederlandse Administratie Der Belastingen, Case 26/62 [1963]. They stated that the situations for the above three conditions should be precisely stated and be adequately clear, be unconditional and independent of other legal stipulations and confer specific rights upon which citizens could base their claims7. (b) Directives: For the direct effect to be applied to directives in three additional conditions require satisfaction. Firstly, the directives must be clear and precise as evidenced in the rulings made in the case of Defrenne v SABENA No 2 Case 43/75 [1976] while the second condition stipulates that the deadline for the implementation by the member states has not passed as witnessed in the case of Pubblico Ministero v Ratti Case 148/78 [1979]. Thirdly, the directives only have a direct effect which implies that the are only enforceable against their states as witnessed in t

Sociology of Prostitution Essay Example for Free

Sociology of Prostitution Essay Prostitution is one topic in which the causes have been debated by many. There are three theories that I will discuss throughout this paper. The theories include a functionalist, feminist, and social psychological view of the subject. The argument that appears more correct is a matter of opinion. The functionalists believe there are two main reasons why a person would become a prostitute. The first reason deals with sexual morality. To break it down further the argument is that our sexual morality system, while condemning prostitution, actually and inadvertently encourages it. We live in a society that encourages the belief that sex with a spouse is â€Å"meaningful† while sex with a prostitute is â€Å"meaningless. † This idea may actually encourage men to seek sex with a prostitute if all they want is meaningless sex. Additionally certain sex acts, such as oral copulation or anal sex, are considered immoral by our society. This means that the common belief among society is that these acts should not be done with their spouse. This may motivate men who desire these acts to seek the services of an immoral prostitute. Another reason proposed by the functionalist is the belief that prostitution actually serves to strengthen sexual morality. Basically the sex industry keeps the â€Å"respectable† women pure because men can satisfy their immoral sexual desires elsewhere. There is some evidence to support the functionalist view of prostitution. Studies have shown that in certain societies such as traditional Asian societies where prostitution is prevalent, respectable women are less likely to engage in immoral sex acts. Read more:  Essay on Prostitution On the other hand many western societies where prostitution is less common, respectable women are more likely to engage in immoral sex acts. Now let’s look at the feminist view. Feminist believe that the functionalist theory is nothing more then a reflection of our society’s sexist views. They believe that the men partaking in the acts are just as immoral as the prostitutes themselves. They take their argument a step further by suggesting that the topic of prostitution is a small part of the larger patriarchal system in which men dominate the exploited women. Feminist also argue that society teaches boys to dominate girls and are expected to continue this behavior into adulthood. On the other hand society teaches girls to be submissive to boys, and to remain that way into adulthood. To prove this the feminist point out that prostitution is more prevalent in societies in which there is a greater presence of gender inequality. The basic idea is that prostitution and a male patriarchy support each other. This is because prostitution supports and encourages the idea that all women can be bought or are less valuable then men. Finally let’s look at the Social Psychological Theory. This theory argues that there are three main reasons why some women become a prostitute. First are predisposing factors such as parental neglect, child abuse, or some other traumatic event. Attracting factors such as the belief that a women can have an easy life or make allot of easy money as a prostitute. And precipitating factors, such as unemployment, peer pressure, or other outside influences. While predisposing factors may cause a women to consider becoming a prostitute, it is unlikely she will actually become one without some of the other listed factors. In my opinion each theory states a very convincing argument. It is difficult to remain unbiased when thinking of this topic due to our personal beliefs. Although the supporters of each theory may not want to admit it, the fact is that if you look close enough you will see they all say the same basic thing. This one thing is the fact that prostitution is not merely an issue that involves prostitutes; it involves all of society and many outside influences.

simpsons :: essays research papers

Some kids thought hide and go seek was boring, as did I. Playing hide and seek through out my neighborhood was one of the things all the little kids did. Every person in this block knew of each other. I never had fun because everyone always would get in fights and the game always ended early. Yet, for some reason this game was intensified by creating teams where one team being the hunters who protect home base and the hunted who are trying to reach it before being tagged by the hunter. So because of his there were always heated arguments that turned into fights. It was a hot summer night and all of my friends and I had decided to get a big game of hide and seek going down at the park. This was going to be the biggest game we had ever organized. This game consisted of about 16 people, which was a lot for the size of our neighborhood. This had been what we all had prepared for. All those late nights in the neighborhood strategizing and organizing plans to safety. Finally their was chance to prove our skill at this game, hunters versus the hunted. I remember a couple of my friends that I played with that night. Alicia, who was the ruffian of the hood, was fourteen and a lot bigger than I was. Chris, who was the slimmest and the tallest of the bunch, we called him the beanpole. Andrew, who had been a long time childhood friend that always wanted to be in the army; this game obviously gave him the inspiration. When we got to our destination, central park, we established where the home base was going to be which were the restroom stalls, since they were centered in the park. We then established where our territory of limits extended. There are positions in hide and seek that if you are caught there, you are automatically disqualified. An example of this would be if you were caught in the out of bounds territory that you would be out of the game. Next, we gathered and split into two teams. Eight against eight would equal pure intellectual and strategic competition. This park was maybe the size of two football fields, which is not a lot of ground coverage when you’re dealing with teams of eight. My team ended up going out into the field first to be hunted.

Macroeconomics: comments

One of the advantages of using monetary policy would be the fact that all of the policies under this regime are all highly impersonal since all of the decisions to make regarding the condition of the economy are all based on the empirical data and not on the value judgment of the government authorities. Moreover, monetary policy is more flexible than fiscal policy since the Federal Open Market Committee meets about every six weeks to make decisions regarding the condition of the economy and the immediate implementation of the said decisions (Faculty.etsu.edu, 2007). On the other hand, one of the possible draw back from using monetary policy would be the fact that monetary policy only offers short term economic activity and do not guarantee a sustainable activity in the long run. Moreover, monetary policy can easily be affected by external factors such as oil price hike and exchange rate which has a direct effect on the performance of any monetary policy the federal government currently have. As for the advantages of fiscal policy, this can increase the government revenue through the process of raising the tax rate and/or tariff on import goods. Moreover, fiscal policy can also attract productivity as the government provides incentives to those domestic and foreign investors just to keep the economy in balance. On the other hand, fiscal policy, is relatively less flexible a compared to the monetary policy since it takes a long time before the government officials make decisions regarding the economic conditions of the country. Oftentimes, they only meet once a year to settle all of the economic policies that the federal government will implement for the rest of the year. Moreover, fiscal policy intervenes into the private sector which sometimes causes economic losses on the part of the consumers and the producers, like tax. Fiscal policy is also highly subjective and usually based on the value judgment of the federal officials even if there are empirical facts at hand. Answer 1.2 One of the possible factors that trigger crowding out would be through expanding the government borrowing in order to finance an increase in expenditure. Cutting of tax can also lead to crowding out since private sector is being ‘crowd out’ from their investment through higher interest rate. In other words, when the government raises its borrowing in the money market, it causes an increase of the interest rate in the market which ‘crowds out’ private investors and individuals from the lending market. Answer 1.3 Automatic stabilizers like reduction on tax rate tend to mitigate output fluctuation without any explicit government action; therefore, there is no need for the government to make discretionary policies or make value judgment regarding a certain economic situation since automatic stabilizers already reduces the ‘economic problems’ that the government officials will have to solve. Answer 2.1 Whenever there is a high inflation rate existing in the economy, what then government usually does is to lower down its spending in order to put pressure for the aggregate demand of the economy to depreciate making way for the decrease in market prices. At the end of the day, inflation rate starts to slow down as the aggregate spending decreases due to the cutting of government spending. In other words, high inflation rate causes budget surplus since the government has to regulate its spending. On the other hand, whenever there is a low inflation rate in the economy, the tendency of the government is to intentionally acquire budget deficit since it has to increase its spending to create additional market for the business sector which eventually stabilize the market price condition. In short, if there is a low inflation rate, it is expected that the government will incur budget deficit due to the increase of its spending to stabilize the market price. Answer 2.2 I believe yes, size of assets must serves as basis in judging the budget deficit, in order to determine how the government spends with respect to the amount of assets that it presently holds. Having a large government asset can give way for a higher budget deficit since the government can use those assets as collaterals for those persons or financial institutions where the government will borrow money just to finance its activities. In short, having a large budget deficit is not a problem for as long as the government has large amount of assets on its hands. Answer 2.3 Pay-as-you-go is a system of paying a debt as they incurred, or it is a system of paying a good or service as it is used than as n outright purchase. One of the possible applications of this would be the pay-as-you-go tax wherein it is a system of paying a debt of businesses or individuals on an installment basis of their expected tax liability. Answer 3 Now I understand why the government sometimes acquires budget deficits and how inflation rate is related to the budget condition of our government. I find this issue interesting since although there is no direct relationship between inflation rate and government budget condition, still, after noting all of the economic factors in our country, it is clear that inflation affects the government budget condition indirectly and vice versa. Moreover, I learned that the federal government uses either monetary or fiscal policy depending on the type of economic condition is at hand based from the identified strengths and weaknesses of the two policy regime. It is surprising how these policies affects all the economic activities in the country although we cannot see it through our own eyes. It’s just like; these policies are acting invisible in our economy and solving economic turmoil of our country. At the end of the day, whichever policy regime will the government implement, what is important would be the end effect of all of the policies that the government will put into action to solve a given economic problem. References Faculty.etsu.edu. (2007). Fiscal versus Monetary Policy. Retrieved March 19, 2008, from http://faculty.etsu.edu/hipples/FPvsMP.htm

Belonging: Indigenous Australians and White Society Essay

â€Å"A sense of belonging can emerge from the connections made with people, places, groups, communities and the larger world. † The quote is clearly represented in the play â€Å"Rainbows End† by Jane Harrison and the musical _____________________________________. Belonging is subjective and so there is no correct way of what it means but what I think belonging means is to feel apart or connected with the rest of the group. In my first text â€Å"Rainbows End† by Jane Harrison it supports and reveals connections made with people, places, groups, communities and the larger world. This will become evident throughout the language, and symbols used in the play. Rainbows End is fiction but Harrison tried to capture the indigenous experience that was set in the 1950s. Harrison also draws historical events in the play such as the Queens visit, the Rumbalara housing development and the Assimilation Policy. The play is focused on three indigenous Australians; Nan Dear who is against whites and uses this to form her identity as an Aboriginal. â€Å"Refuses to say that the Queen is not her Queen as Nan thinks that it is a part of the white society†. Gladys is an enthusiastic and idealistic person who desperately wants to be in the white society â€Å"She believes that she will meet the Queen†. Dolly is the youngest and she is proud to be Aboriginal but is ashamed of the status that comes with it. She is also dutiful and hard working â€Å"serious about her homework†. Gladys and Dolly constantly listen to the radio this is a symbol for the woman connecting to the rest of society. The radio gets the woman to listen and become more involved in society even though they are perceived outcasts. The radio keeps them connected to society and in turns gives them a sense of belonging. The encyclopedias that Gladys brought from Errol are another symbol used in the play. Gladys brought these encyclopedias for Dolly as Gladys believes that it may represent an opportunity for Dolly to be a part of the white society.

SUMMARY OF THE MOON IS DOWN essays

SUMMARY OF THE MOON IS DOWN essays In the first chapter, we learn that a small town has been taken over by one of the many Nazi groups during World War Two. Mr. Corell The town good guy, the way I view it, sent the town postmen and policemen on a boating trip, keeping them from the invasion. After the invasion, the Nazis request a meeting with the towns Mayor, Mayor Orden. Joseph and Doctor Winter, two of Mayor Ordens colleagues, await the arrival of Nazis too. The two meet Captain Bentick, a rank lower than Colonel Lanser who is the one who had requested the meeting. Bentick searches the home. During the meeting Annie, Mayor Ordens cook, becomes very aggravated by the soldiers who wait outside the front porch of the Mayors home, and throws a pot of boiling water at them. In the second chapter, Steinbeck explains the characteristics of each of the Nazis. Major Hunter, an engineer, arithmetician, and seemingly indifferent to the fact that he is a soldier. Captain Bentick, a family man, was old and kind. Bentick also has certain admiration to the English. Captain Loft, a young man, took much pride in the fact that he was a soldier. He dreams of his own death on the battlefield, where he is respected. Lieutenants Prackle and Tonder were snot noses, undergraduates, lieutenants, trained in the politics of the day. Colonel Lanser takes much pride in what he does. To me, he sees life as an order given by a higher rank The third chapter begins with a discussion between Annie and Joseph, who are talking about Alexander Morden and the death of Captain Bentick. Joseph reveals to Annie what he surely thinks will happen... Theyll shoot him. Annie is rejecting the awful thought. Unfortunately it is true and Alex will be tried. Molly Morden, Alexs wife, met with the Mayor because of a rumor that had been circulating in the town. You wouldnt convict Alex wo...

The Circumstances of Adolf Hitlers 1943 Death by Suicide

The Circumstances of Adolf Hitlers 1943 Death by Suicide With the end of World War II imminent and the Russians nearing his underground bunker beneath  the Chancellery building in Berlin, Germany, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler shot himself in the head with his pistol, likely after swallowing cyanide, ending his own life just before 3:30 pm on April 30, 1945. In the same room, Eva Braunhis new wifeended her life by swallowing a cyanide capsule. After their deaths, members of the SS carried their bodies up to the Chancellery’s courtyard, covered them with gasoline, and lit them on fire. The Fà ¼hrer Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, beginning the era of German history known as the Third Reich. On August 2, 1934, German President, Paul Von Hindenburg, died. This allowed Hitler to solidify his position by becoming der Fà ¼hrer, the ultimate leader of the German people. In the years following his appointment, Hitler led a reign of terror that embroiled many millions in the Second World War and murdered an estimated 11 million people during the Holocaust.​ Though Hitler promised that the Third Reich would reign for 1,000 years,1 it only lasted 12. Hitler Enters the Bunker As Allied Forces closed in on all sides, the city of Berlin was partially evacuated to prevent approaching Russian troops from seizing valuable German citizens and assets. On January 16, 1945, despite advice to the contrary, Hitler chose to hole up in the vast bunker located below his headquarters (the Chancellery) rather than leave the city. He stayed there for over 100 days. The 3,000-square-foot underground bunker consisted of two levels and 18 rooms; Hitler resided on the lower level. The structure was an expansion project of the Chancellery’s air raid shelter, which had been completed in 1942 and located under the building’s diplomatic reception hall. Hitler contracted Nazi architect Albert Speer to build an additional bunker under the Chancellery’s garden, which was located in front of the reception hall. The new structure, known as the Fà ¼hrerbunker, was officially completed in October 1944.  However, it continued to undergo several upgrades, such as reinforcement and the addition of new security features. The bunker had its own electricity feed and water supply. Life in the Bunker Despite being underground, life in the bunker exhibited some signs of normalcy. The upper quarters of the bunker, where Hitler’s staff lived and worked, were largely plain and functional. The lower quarters, which contained six rooms specifically reserved for Hitler and Eva Braun, contained some of the luxuries that they had become accustomed to during his reign.   Furniture was brought in from the Chancellery offices for comfort and decoration. In his personal quarters, Hitler hung a portrait of Frederick the Great.  Witnesses report that he stared at it on a daily basis to steel himself for the continued fight against outside forces. Despite the attempts  to create a more normal living environment in their underground locale, the strain of this situation was palpable. The electricity in the bunker intermittently flickered and the sounds of war reverberated throughout the structure as the Russian advance grew nearer. The air was stuffy and oppressive. During the final months of the war, Hitler controlled the German government from this dismal lair. The  occupants maintained access to the outside world via telephone and telegraph lines. High-level German officials made periodic visits to conduct meetings on items of importance related to the government and military efforts. Visitors included Hermann Gà ¶ring and SS Leader Heinrich Himmler, among several others. From the bunker, Hitler continued to dictate German military movements but was unsuccessful in his attempt to stop the forward march of Russian troops as they approached Berlin. Despite the claustrophobic and stale atmosphere of the bunker, Hitler rarely left its protective atmosphere. He made his last public appearance on March 20, 1945, when he surfaced to award the Iron Cross to a group of Hitler Youth and SS men. Hitler’s Birthday Just a few days before Hitler’s last birthday, the Russians arrived at the edge of Berlin and encountered resistance from the last remaining German defenders. However, since the defenders consisted of mostly old men, Hitler Youth, and policemen, it didn’t take long for the Russians to sweep past them. On April 20th, 1945, Hitler’s 56th and final birthday, Hitler hosted a small gathering of German officials to celebrate. The event was overpowered by the imminence of defeat but those in attendance tried to put on a brave face for their Fà ¼hrer. Attending officials included Himmler, Gà ¶ring, Reich Foreign Minister Joachim Ribbentrop, Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production Albert Speer, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels and Hitler’s personal secretary Martin Bormann. Several military leaders also attended the celebration, among them were Admiral Karl Dà ¶nitz, General Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel, and recently appointed Chief of the General Staff, Hans Krebs. The group of officials attempted to convince Hitler to evacuate the bunker and flee to his villa in Berchtesgaden; however, Hitler put up great resistance and refused to leave. In the end, the group gave in to his insistence and abandoned their efforts. A few of his most devoted followers decided to remain with Hitler in the bunker. Bormann remained along with Goebbels. The latter’s wife, Magda, and their six children also chose to remain in the bunker rather than evacuate. Krebs also remained below ground. Betrayal by Gà ¶ring and Himmler Others did not share Hitler’s dedication and instead chose to leave the bunker, a fact that reportedly upset Hitler deeply. Both Himmler and Gà ¶ring left the bunker shortly after Hitler’s birthday celebration. This did not help Hitler’s mental state and he is reported to have grown increasingly irrational and desperate in the days following his birthday. Three days after the gathering, Gà ¶ring telegraphed Hitler from the villa at Berchtesgaden. Gà ¶ring asked Hitler if he should assume leadership of Germany based on Hitler’s fragile state and the decree of June 29, 1941, that placed Gà ¶ring in the position of Hitler’s successor. Gà ¶ring was startled to receive a reply penned by Bormann that accused Gà ¶ring of high treason. Hitler agreed to drop the charges if Gà ¶ring resigned all of his positions. Gà ¶ring agreed and was placed on house arrest the following day. He would later stand trial in Nuremberg. Upon leaving the bunker, Himmler took a step that was even brasher than Gà ¶ring’s attempt to seize power. On April 23, the same day as Gà ¶ring’s telegram to Hitler, Himmler began movements to negotiate surrender with U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower. Himmler’s attempts did not come to fruition but word reached Hitler on April 27. According to witnesses, they had never seen the Fà ¼hrer so infuriated. Hitler ordered Himmler to be located and shot; however, when Himmler could not be found, Hitler ordered the execution of SS-General Hermann Fegelein, Himmler’s personal liaison who was stationed in the bunker. Fegelein was already on bad terms with Hitler, as he had been caught sneaking out of the bunker the previous day. Soviets Surround Berlin By this point, the Soviets had started bombarding Berlin and the onslaught was unrelenting. Despite the pressure, Hitler remained in the bunker rather than make a last minute escape attempt to his hideaway in the Alps.  Hitler worried that fleeing could mean capture and that was something he was unwilling to risk. By April 24, the Soviets had the city completely surrounded and it appeared that escape was no longer an option. Events of April 29 On the day that American forces liberated Dachau, Hitler began the final steps toward ending his life. It is reported by witnesses in the bunker that shortly after midnight on April 29, 1945, Hitler married Eva Braun. The pair had been romantically involved since 1932, although Hitler was determined to keep their relationship fairly private in its initial years. Braun, an attractive young photography assistant when they met, worshipped Hitler without fail. Although he is reported to have encouraged her to leave the bunker, she vowed to stay with him until the end. Shortly after Hitler married Braun, he dictated his last will and political statement to his secretary, Traudl Junge. Later that day, Hitler learned that Benito Mussolini had died at the hands of Italian partisans. It is believed that this was the final push towards Hitler’s own death the following day. Shortly after learning about Mussolini, Hitler is reported to have asked his personal physician, Dr. Werner Haase, to test some of the cyanide capsules he had been given by the SS. The test subject would be Hitler’s beloved Alsatian dog, Blondi, who had given birth to five puppies earlier that month in the bunker. The cyanide test was successful and Hitler was reported to have been rendered hysterical by Blondi’s death. April 30, 1945 The following day held bad news on the military front. Leaders of the German command in Berlin reported that they would only be able to hold off the final Russian advance for another two to three days, at most. Hitler knew that the end of his Thousand Year Reich was fast approaching. After a meeting with his staff, Hitler and Braun ate their final meal with his two secretaries and the bunker’s cook. Shortly after 3 pm, they said goodbye to the staff in the bunker and retired to their private chambers. Although there is some uncertainty surrounding the exact circumstances, historians believe that the pair ended their lives by swallowing cyanide while sitting on a couch in the sitting room. For added measure, Hitler also shot himself in the head with his personal pistol. Following their deaths, Hitler and Braun’s bodies were wrapped in blankets and then carried up into the Chancellery garden. One of Hitler’s personal assistants, SS Officer Otto Gà ¼nsche doused the bodies in gasoline and burned them, per Hitler’s final orders. Gà ¼nsche was accompanied to the funeral pyre by several of the officials in the bunker, including Goebbels and Bormann. The Immediate Aftermath Hitler’s death was publicly announced on May 1, 1945. Earlier that same day, Magda Goebbels poisoned her six children. She stated to witnesses in the bunker that she did not wish them to continue to live in the world without her. Shortly thereafter, Joseph and Magda ended their own lives, although their exact method of suicide is unclear. Their bodies were also burned in the Chancellery’s garden. On the afternoon of May 2, 1945, Russian troops reached the bunker and discovered the partially burned remains of Joseph and Magda Goebbels. Hitler and Braun’s charred remains were found a couple of days later. The Russians photographed the remains and then reburied them twice in secret locations. What Happened to Hitler’s Body? It is reported that in 1970, the Russians decided to destroy the remains. A small group of KGB agents dug up the remains of Hitler, Braun, Joseph and Magda Goebbels, and the Goebbel’s six children near the Soviet garrison at Magdeburg and then took them to a local forest and burned the remains even further. Once the bodies had been reduced to ash, they were dumped into a river. The only thing not burned was a skull and part of a jawbone, believed to be Hitler’s. However, recent research questions that theory, finding that the skull was from a woman. The Fate of the Bunker The Russian army kept the bunker under close guard in the months following the end of the European front. The bunker was eventually sealed to prevent access and attempts were made to detonate the remains of the structure at least twice over the next 15 years. In 1959, the area above the bunker was made into a park and the bunker entrances were sealed. Because of its proximity to the Berlin Wall, the idea of further destroying the bunker was abandoned once the wall was built. The discovery of a forgotten tunnel renewed interest in the bunker in the late 1960s. The East German State Security conducted a survey of the bunker and then resealed it. It would remain this way until the mid-1980s when the government built high-end apartment buildings on the site of the former Chancellery. A portion of the bunker’s remains were removed during excavation and the remaining chambers were filled with earthen material. The Bunker Today After many years of attempting to keep the location of the bunker secret to prevent Neo-Nazi glorification, the German government has placed official markers to show its location. In 2008, a large sign was erected to educate civilians and visitors about the bunker and its role at the end of the Third Reich.

How to start a new business venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How to start a new business venture - Essay Example People in modern world are more conscious about their health and the diets they take to be fit physically and be more active in their daily life. For this booming industry trend there is a great prospect for the new business venture in the fitness and healthcare industry. In this report we have a proposal for a new business venture at Mayfair in the City of Westminster as it is one of the growing regions at UK and the people nearby Mayfair region are more aware of the health and sports fitness centre compared to other regions at UK due to the presence of many clubs and hotels at nearby streets like Marshall Street Leisure Centre, Seymour Leisure Centre, Little Venice Sports Centre, Queen Mother Sports Centre, Porchester Centre etc (City of Westminster, 2011). As far as the UK Fitness Industry report by FIA, over the last few years’ regions of London has immense growth in Fitness Industry and has been forecasted to grow even more in future if people are educated with its benefi ts to their health and wellbeing (FIA, 2010). Proposed Services The new sport fitness centre should provide its customer with a variety of services. It would include first class fitness centres and some sports centres which will accommodate many types of sports like basketball, tennis, boxing etc. There should be a food and beverage area where customers can also relax during workout. Massage centre with training on fitness exercises are one vital service which should be there. A medical therapy clinic is also a modern trend in the fitness industry. Various other facilities like the conference room and the children centre, protective lockers and swimming pool are some attractive features which attract a lot of customers with the extra services they get from other fitness centres (Anything & Everything, 2011). Analysis of the market in London 7 P’s of Marketing Mix Fitness and Health industry being a service offered to the customer without any product thus the extended marketin g mix is to be used i.e. 7P’s of marketing mix. In order to formulate the right marketing mix the company needs to evaluate all the segments and work in the improvements of the each segment to compete with the other players of the market (Gupta, 2006, p.22). Product The product mix is the range of products that are available with the company. It may be broaden with different services or it can also be extended in order to fit the market scenario. The services of the fitness centre located near Mayfair road in the city of Westminster at London are very advanced with many facilities like swimming pool, recreation centre, modern equipments, therapy clinic etc. Thus to survive in this competitive environment the new business venture of fitness centre should also posses the existing services along with some added new differential services (Nargundkar, 2006, p.46). Place Place is one of the most vital factors which needed to be considered while placing the product or services. The place determines the cost of transportation of materials, scope of new customers. If the right service is properly placed at the right time at the right place then it will be best accepted by the customers. UK being a very flourishing country for the fitness industry especially in London the people is very aware of the services provided by the different fitness centres and since there are no fitness centres located at proper

MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - Essay Example DMG’s goals are to upgrade healthy living by producing high quality products, to preserve the environment and to create sustainable returns for stakeholders. The model will focus on five attributes that make up the competitive environment namely supplier power, buyer power, competitive rivalry, the risk of substitution and lastly the risk of new entrants. With regard to the supplier powers, the suppliers play a minor role, if any, at raising the prices of DMG products (Oz, 2009, p.18). This is because the company owns most of the critical factors of production. For tea and Coffee production, DMG own farm estates for production of the crops, suppliers only provide packaging materials (Beynon-Davies, 2013, p. 376). A higher cost of the packaging materials would result in DMG transferring the additional cost to consumers by raising prices. The same applies for yogurt production, as the company owns dairy livestock, suppliers come in to provide flavours and packaging materials. Buyer power is detrimental to affecting the nature of prices within the market. DMG has a fairly larger number of consumers for its products. Essentially, the company cannot, under any circumstance dictate the terms of buying (Beynon-Davies, 2013, p.402). Given the fact that other brands of tea, coffee and yogurt the buyers may easily switch to other supplier of the same. Rivalry from competitors does not really lower the attractiveness of the market (Betz, 2001, p.29). Two firms in agribusiness provide competition to DMG but the major threat is one firm that enjoys a large market share because of an extensive information technology system (Proctor, 2011, p.16). DMG is taking measures to turn the tables in the industry and extend the domestic market share. Substitution seems to be a minor threat for DMG because of the coffee and tea are substitutes. In

Fear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Fear - Essay Example Or indeed, if I have wronged anyone, I want to make it right. This shows me to have strong moral and ethical beliefs. It is possibly this which makes me unafraid of punishment after death. My choices also show that I have trust, hope and faith. These are evidenced in my not fearing death to be the end of feeling and thinking, nor of taking a long time to die or of losing control of what is being done to my body. I trust those who would be caring for me, be they loved ones or medical professionals to do the best for me. I have hope that something might turn up. I recognize that some answers show a cluster of fear of the unknown, being afraid of nothingness, the end of everything, and of dying because I do not know what happens next. My fear of pain also emerges via the responses to pain of dying or dying suddenly and violently. Finally, I fear to die alone. Contributions from Upbringing: These results highlight the love, care and attention I received in my upbringing. That though there may not have been overtly religious influences, a strong moral and ethical code has been instilled, more humanist in belief than religion-driven. I was taught to care about other people, not to let them down and to expect the same in return. In fearing the unknown, the possible end to everything, suggests that Heaven and Hell were not concepts that figured largely in my childhood. Love, loyalty and kindness are the prime factors which have helped to form my adult views and values. Pain is something I must have experienced either in myself or a loved one, as the results suggest I really fear it. Overall, I am more optimistic than pessimistic, positive rather than negative. Contribution from Personal Culture: With regard to this, although I believe myself to be well-equipped to handle life, I perceive that today the human being is driven to find out more, to own all the knowledge available out there. It is as if the idea of 'anybody can do/be/have/ anything' is the leading factor of living. Fear and frustration emerge when that which cannot be known is presented to me. Then, I am afraid of being powerless in the face of that unknowable, the nothingness which might exist. Also, we have such faith in science, that it will prolong life and provide all the answers, help to take away the pain of living and dying. There seems to me to be a sort of odd contradiction here, being both hope and fear together. Personal Beliefs and Attitudes: Carrying out the survey and analysis has been valuable and 3 enlightening for me.

Estimation Importance In Project Management Information Technology Essay

Estimation Importance In Project Management Information Technology Essay Objective of the report: The objective of this report is to investigate the use of Estimation of project parameters like project cost and time, in Project Management. The report starts with the definition of the estimation and its use for a successful project management. A brief description of project estimation process is explained in the report, along with the basic classification of the types of estimates that can be performed for a successful project management. The issues involved in estimating the project parameters in real-time are investigated in a detailed manner. Then critical evaluation of various estimation methods is performed. A complete analysis of the methods evaluated in the report is performed. Finally, the report is concluded with the suggestions on selecting a particular Project Estimation process for a successful Project Management. Importance of Estimation in project management: The four major parameters that control the software projects are time, requirements, resources (people, infrastructure/materials and money), and risks. This is one of the reasons why making good estimates of these variables like time and resources required for a project is very critical. But if the estimation is lower than the project needs it will affect the progress of the project due to the lack of enough time, money, infrastructure/materials, or people. At the same time even if the estimation is over estimated then the company will have to face losses due to the extra expenses or even if the project is sanctioned other projects dont go on since there is less to go around. For any successful project management, estimation is a vital part of project methodology. Estimation has numerous applications like justification of project which has to be applied in the initial stages of the project where in we need to anticipate the benefits which is compared with the costs incurred as well as to decipher comparisons and conclusions that has to be made with technical and functional teams involved in the project. The other additional applications of the estimation are to implement the disciplines required, to protect the resources required to deliver the project successfully, to ensure the support impact of the project is fully understood, to inform and improve the software development process. This document describes the techniques used to produce reliable estimates for the work required to complete projects and tasks. Estimation process: Definition: Project estimation is a process of forecasting or approximating the project parameters like cost, time, effort etc., for a successful completion of the project deliverables. Overview of the Estimation Process: The first point to be remembered about estimation is that it does not finish until the completion of project and is a process of a slow and gradual refinement. For many software projects a project manager can assist the team to create successful estimates by using sound techniques and understanding about what makes estimate more accurate. The team chosen to produce an estimate are typically drawn from IS, customers and/or service partners who have relevant experience of similar previous projects or tasks in the business area. When we want to start a project we need to know basic parameters required in advance like how long it will take, how many people it will require, how much effort it will require. In such cases it is hard to estimate because in many cases projects overrun or project go over budget. Always a good estimation practices keep the project on track and even can earn some time for the tricky, interesting areas. Our estimation process is based on three components: Expert judgement, Consultation with qualified experts from within business and service partners. This is supplemented, where required, by expert input  from software suppliers and consultants.   Experience,  i.e. comparison of the proposed project or task with previously completed work. Task Decomposition, i.e. decomposing the project into components, i.e. a Work Breakdown Structure, and estimating each component individually to produce an overall estimate. This will also reduce the chances of error occurrence. When to estimate: A rough estimate is needed at the initial stage of the project or probably even before the actual project starts. This is because, the final negotiations should be made with the customer, which needs the rough estimate of the cost, time and quality of the project. Also, Estimation is a process of gradual refinement. It should be performed in parallel with the project development, in several phases. Each estimate will be refined to give a converged estimate towards the end of the project. Estimation should be carried out until the completion of project deliverables. There are basically two approaches for estimating project parameters. They are; Top-down estimation approach Bottom-up estimation approach Top-down estimation approach: Top-down estimation approach is usually used at the initial stages of the project. This estimation is usually carried out by the top managers who have little knowledge of the processes involved in the completion of the project. The input to this estimation is either information or the experience of the manager carrying out the estimation. These top-down estimation methods are often used to evaluate the project proposal. In most cases, the best results can be achieved in estimation only when one used both top-down and bottom-up estimation methods. However, it is practically not possible to carry out bottom-up methods until the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) are clearly defined. In such cases, top-down estimates are used until the WBS becomes available. There are many methods in top-down approach listed below: Consensus methods: This estimation method uses experience of a group of people to estimate the project parameters. This method involves project meetings, a place where these people can discuss, argue and finally come to a conclusion from their best guess estimate. The Delphi method comes under this category. Ratio methods: These estimation methods use ratios to estimate project times and costs. For example, in a construction work, the total cost of the project can be estimated by knowing the number of square feet. Likewise, a software project is estimated by its complexity and its features. Approximation methods: This estimation method is very useful when the project to be estimated is closely related to any of the previous projects in terms of its features and costs. By using the historical data of the estimates, good estimates can be approximated with very little effort. Function point methods: Many software projects are usually estimated using weighted macro variables called function points. Function points can be number of inputs, number of outputs, number of inquiries, number of data files, and number of interfaces. These function points are weighted again with a complexity level and summed up to get the total cost or duration estimates of the project. Bottom-up estimation approach: Top-down estimation approach can usually be put in practice once the project is defined or once there is some progress in the project. This means, this estimation is more into work package level, which are responsible for low-cost estimates and efficient methods. It is often recommended that this estimation is usually carried out by people most knowledgeable about the estimate needed. The cost, time, resource estimates from the work packages can be checked with the associated accounts to major deliverables. Also, these estimates in later stages can be consolidated into phased networks, resource schedules, and budgets that used for control. Additionally, customer will get an opportunity to compare the low-cost, efficient method with any imposed restrictions, using bottom-up approach. There are many methods in top-down approach listed below: Template methods: If the project to be estimated is similar to any of the past projects, then estimates of the past projects can be used as starting point estimates for the new project. This is similar to approximation estimation in top-down approach. Parametric procedures: These parametric procedures are same like ratio methods in top-down approach. However, here the parametric procedures are applied on specific tasks. Detailed estimates for WBS work packages: This is usually most reliable method of all estimation methods. The reason for this is that here the estimates are performed by people responsible for the work packages in Work Breakdown Structure. These people have prior knowledge or experience upon the tasks they perform specified in WBS, because of which the estimates are usually most reliable. In addition to the top-down and bottom-up approaches, there is another kind of estimating which is a hybrid of the above two approaches. This is called as Phase Estimating. When there is unusual amount of uncertainty is surrounded by the project, people go for phase estimating. In this approach, two-estimate system is used over the life-cycle of the project. The whole project is initially divided into phases. Then a detailed estimate is developed for the immediate phase, and a macro-estimate is mode for the remaining phases of the project. Difficulties in Estimation: There are two major cases where Estimation problems almost always boil down to estimates that are either too high or too low. Padded estimates, where the team members intentionally over estimates in order to give themselves extra time to work, are a chronic source of estimates that are too high. Other case arises when senior managers give unrealistic deadlines that are a chronic source of estimates that are too low. Both the cases can lead to morale problems. Estimation Tools: Software tools are very important for estimation. Estimation tools are the software packages implemented using any of the estimation methods as its algorithm, to make project managers life easy. These estimation tools help from skipping important tasks in a method. These tools are useful to organise, update and store the results of the estimates. Also, Estimation Tools are useful to: Estimate project size using Function Points or other metrics. Derive effort and schedule from the project estimates using various algorithms and techniques. Perform analysis with staffing, duration etc. and appreciate how realistic they are. Produce and update results like Gantt charts and other tables easily. Maintain and exploit a database of historic data. Import data from other projects run in organisations with which you have no connection. However, one should very carefully select the estimation tools for a particular project. Principle: Required functional capabilities of estimation tools should match the needs and desired capabilities specific to the project. In selecting an estimation tool, one should match the available tools with the overall requirements of the project. In general, estimation tools should: Be very adaptive to any projects development environment, so that one can customize the tool according to the project needs. Be comparatively easy to understand, learn and use. Be able to produce some early project estimates without waiting for the whole project to be completely defined designed. Be able to provide estimates for different phases and activities in the project, if it is classified so. Understand and support wide range of languages and applications, as it is really important for a tool to provide estimates specific to the applications. Be able to provide accurate schedule estimates, whose purpose is not only to predict task completion given task sequence and available resources, but also to establish starting and ending dates for the associated work packages and life-cycle phases. Be able to provide maintenance estimates separately, which includes correcting errors, modifying the software to accommodate changes in requirements, and extending and enhancing software performance. Critical evaluation of the estimation tools: There are many tools in the market for project estimation. However, I am investigating a few and very efficient tools in the current market. PROBE: The name PROBE is derived from Proxy Based Estimating, introduced by Watts Humphrey (of the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University). Principle: If a component being built is similar to one built previously, then the effort it takes would be about the same as it did in the past. It mainly helps individual software engineers monitor, test, and improve their own work. Each component in the database is assigned a type (calculation, data, logic, etc.) and a size (from very small to very large). Also, a database is used to store history of size and effort details of these individual components. Later on, when a new project must be estimated, it is broken down into tasks that correspond to these types and sizes. A formula based on linear regression is used to calculate the estimate for each task. Additional information on PROBE can be found in A Discipline for Software Engineering by Watts Humphrey (Addison Wesley, 1994). COCOMO: The COCOMO is the most used estimation tool in the market for cost and schedule estimating. The COCOMO is derived from Constructive Cost Model, developed by Barry Boehm in the early 1980s. Principle: The model developed empirically by running a study of many software development projects and statistically analyzing their results. There by developing a database of the analysed details. Boehm developed COCOMO empirically by running a study of 63 software development projects and statistically analyzing their results. COCOMO II was developed in the 1990s as an updated version for modern development life cycles, and it is based on a broader set of data. The COCOMO calculation incorporates 15 cost drivers, variables that must be provided as input for a model that is based on the results of those studied projects. These variables cover software, computer, personnel, and project attributes. The output of the model is a set of size and effort estimates that can be developed into a project schedule. Additional information on COCOMO can be found in Software Cost Estimation with Cocomo II by Barry Boehm et al. (Prentice Hall PTR, 2000). The Planning Game: The Planning Game is the software project planning method from Extreme Programming (XP), a lightweight development methodology developed by Kent Beck in the 1990s at Chrysler. It is a method used to manage the negotiation between the engineering team (Development) and the stakeholders (Business). It gains some emotional distance from the planning process by treating it as a game, where the playing pieces are user stories written on index cards and the goal is to assign value to stories and put them into production over time. Unlike PROBE, COCOMO and Delphi, the Planning Game does not require a documented description of the scope of the project to be estimated. Rather, it is a full planning process that combines estimation with identifying the scope of the project and the tasks required to complete the software. Like much of XP, the planning process is highly iterative. The scope is established by having Development and Business work together to interactively write the stories. Then, each story is given an estimate of 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Stories that are larger than that are split up into multiple iterations. Business is given an opportunity to steer the project between iterations. The estimates themselves are created by the programmers, based on the stories that are created. Finally, commitments are agreed upon. This is repeated until the next iteration of the project is planned. Additional information on the Planning Game can be found in Extreme Programming Explained by Kent Beck (Addison Wesley, 2000). Critical analysis: In order to have the best estimates of a project, make some rough top-down estimates initially, develop the WBS, using which make bottom-up estimates, and develop schedules and estimates and finally, reconcile the differences between top-down and bottom-up approaches. Also for ideal results, the project manager should allow some time to carry out top-down and bottom-up estimates, there by reliable estimates can be offered to the customer. This will in turn reduce the false expectations for stakeholders. Phase estimation approach is much useful in the projects, whose final nature (shape, size, features) is highly uncertain. COCOMO II can be used for the following major decision situations Making investment or other financial decisions involving a software development effort Setting project budgets and schedules as a basis for planning and control Deciding on or negotiating tradeoffs among software cost, schedule, functionality, performance or quality factors Making software cost and schedule risk management decisions Deciding which parts of a software system to develop, reuse, lease, or purchase Making legacy software inventory decisions: what parts to modify, phase out, outsource, etc Setting mixed investment strategies to improve organizations software capability, via reuse, tools, process maturity, outsourcing, etc Deciding how to implement a process improvement strategy, such as that provided in the SEI CMM Conclusion:

Night :: essays research papers

In 1944, in the village of Sighet, Romania, twelve-year-old Elie Wiesel spends much time and emotion on the Talmud and on Jewish mysticism. His instructor, Moshe the Beadle, returns from a near-death experience and warns that Nazi aggressors will soon threaten the serenity of their lives. However, even when anti-Semitic measures force the Sighet Jews into supervised ghettos, Elie's family remains calm and compliant. In spring, authorities begin shipping trainloads of Jews to the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex. Elie's family is part of the final convoy. In a cattle car, eighty villagers can scarcely move and have to survive on minimal food and water. One of the deportees, Madame Schà ¤chter, becomes hysterical with visions of flames and furnaces. At midnight on the third day of their deportation, the group looks in horror at flames rising above huge ovens and gags at the stench of burning flesh. Guards wielding billy clubs force Elie's group through a selection of those fit to work and those who face a grim and improbable future. Elie and his father Chlomo lie about their ages and depart with other hardy men to Auschwitz, a concentration camp. Elie's mother and three sisters disappear into Birkenau, the death camp. After viewing infants being tossed in a burning pit, Elie rebels against God, who remains silent. Every day, Elie and Chiomo struggle to keep their health so they can remain in the work force. Sadistic guards and trustees exact capricious punishments. After three weeks, Elie and his father are forced to march to Buna, a factory in the Auschwitz complex, where they sort electrical parts in an electronics warehouse. The savagery reaches its height when the guards hang a childlike thirteen year old, who dies slowly before Elie's eyes. Despairing, Elie grows morose during Rosh Hashanah services. At the next selection, the doctor culls Chlomo from abler men. Chlomo, however, passes a second physical exam and is given another chance to live. Elie undergoes surgery on his foot. Because Russian liberation forces are moving ever closer to the Nazi camp, SS troops evacuate Buna in January 1945. The Wiesels and their fellow prisoners are forced to run through a snowy night in bitter cold over a forty-two mile route to Gleiwitz. Elie binds his bleeding foot in strips of blanket. Inmates who falter are shot. Elie prays for strength to save his father from death. At a makeshift barracks, survivors pile together.

Maori Health Care in New Zealand Essay

Access to health is a fundamental right of all human beings (WHO; 2004). If all people had access to health care then no disparities would be found between different groups. However, according to Giddings (2005) the health status of groups in various countries is not similar and have widened between groups since some groups are marginalised and others are privileged by their social identities. This may also be the case in New Zealand. Statistics by the Waikato District Health Board (2012) indicate that Maori as a group is more prone to ill health than any other ethnic groups in the region. Similar results were obtained by Howden, Chapman & Tobias (2000) who state that Maori have lesser health standing at levels such as all learning opportunities, job status and income than non-Maori. The general conclusion from these studies is therefore that there does seem to be a discrepancy with Maori health care. In order to address this, it is necessary to identify and address the relevant fact ors that can create a barrier to a level playing field for Maori as far as health is concerned and through this process give effect to the WHO’s â€Å"right to health† outcomes for all. Howden, Chapman & Tobias (2000) see the barriers to efficient Maori health care as being institutional racism, ongoing effects of colonization on Maori through tapering the Maori monetary base and reducing Maori political influence. Theunissen (2011) agrees in principal with this by concluding that the disparities in Maori health exist mainly due to an inconsistent consideration of Maori culture and social policies. Factors such as institutional discrimination (leading to interpersonal racism which is seen as breaches of human and indigenous rights), lack of respect and lack of cultural safe practises are seen as barriers to the provision of efficient health services. According to the Ministry of Health (2012) health is viewed within a framework of values, priorities, collective experience, customs, beliefs and place in society of which all is influenced by social policy. To improve Maori health and address inequalities within the social policy framework, one must therefore consult w ith Maori as to their health priorities and the manner in which it should be rendered. Maori’s perspectives on health are reflected in various models such as Te Whare Tapa Wha, Te Wheke and Te Pae Mahutonga with all of these models emphasising a holistic approach. In this paper the Te Pae Mahutonga model is used (Durie, 2003) to explain Maori health. The model identifies six  cornerstones of wellness namely Mauriora, Waiora, Toiora, Te Oranga, Te Mana Whakahaere and Nga Manukura. 1. Mauriora is associated with a secure cultural identity. Urbanisation broke the link between Maori and the land which caused insecure access to the Marae, Maori language issues and reduced opportunities for cultural expression in society. 2. Waiora is associated with environmental protection and linked to Maori’s spiritual world. It connects physical with mental wellness due to the interaction between the people and the environment (water, earth and cosmic) 3. Toiora is associated with a person’s lifestyle and relates to the willingness to engage in high risk experiences such as substance abuse, gambling, sedentary lifestyles and low moral values. The statistics for Maori in a Hawkes Bay study indicated that Maori was overrepresented as a group when compared to non-Maori (Ngati Kahungunu Iwi, 2003). 4. Te Oranga is dependent on a person ’s participation in society which is determined by social position. This in turn is a function of income, job status, choice of school and access to good health services. 5. Nga Manukura (leadership) refers to the ability of local leaders to assist health professionals with the health promotional effort. The formation of alliances between these different groups to enable and combine diverse perspectives will increase the effectiveness of health programs to a large degree as no single group have all the attributes or expertise to effect change. 6. Autonomy (Te Mana Whakahaere) is reflected in the level to which a community is able to determine their own aspirations, develop and implement measures to approve such initiatives and exert a level of control over the outcomes achieved. Of the six wellness described above all are impacted on through Te Tiriti o Waitangi. Maori have no autonomy other their affairs other than over their resources and taonga (treasures). Although there is a legal obligation to consult with Maori (Resource Management Act, 2003) when plans are formulated; and to listen to their input, it is not necessary to include them as part of the leadership of health plans or outcomes. Maori’s participation in society is largely determined by their social position whi ch is not as high as in a non-Maori society when viewed within Iwi or Whanua settings. This is further compromised by the perceived high risk Maori lifestyle which is not socially acceptable to non-Maoris. The broken link between Maori and their land/Marae reduces their confidence and  willingness to participate in opportunities for cultural expression in society. From the above it is clear that there are several factors that determine Maori health outcomes. Of this only racism will be addressed in this paper as it is considered one of the main barriers to efficient Maori health care. Racism comprises of institutional racism, interpersonal racism and internalised racism. According to Durey & Thompson (2012) the various forms of racism should not be considered discreet categories but rather seen as being interrelated. Singleton & Linton (2006) defines racism as ‘prejudice + power’. This appears in practise when one group holds sway over institutional power and converts their beliefs and attitudes into policies and practises. This is happening in the health care system when services are developed by non-Maori for non-Maori based on the western biomedical model. This model differs from the Te Pae Mahutonga model in that it concentrates on diagnosis and treatment instead of prevention. The biomedical approach to health care is forcing Maori to adhere to a system that is not in line with their beliefs or allow them to change it due to lack of sufficient representation. This implies that the aspects of autonomy and leadership that is seen as a cornerstone of the Te Pae Mahutonga health model cannot be exercised thus leading to poor health outcomes for Maori. When Maori accepts these outcomes and see themselves as being inferior to others the institutional racism become internalised leading to a further degradation in health care due to lack of participation in society (Durey & Thompson 2012). The fourth cornerstone (Te Oranga) is therefore weakened due to the inability of Maori to participate in society on their terms. Interpersonal racism occurs when there is a lack of awareness of Maori’s lived experiences and cultural meanings which manifests in poor communication or negative feedback and consequences. This contravenes the cornerstone of Mauriora which is important for cultural expression in society. Maori cannot effectively participate in health care if they are not able to express themselves according to their culture and beliefs because of the health care provider’s inability to understand them. This is reflected in the current breast and cervical screening programs that is lower among Maori woman than woman of other ethnicities. Element three of Te Tiriti o Waitangi deals with the aspect of citizenship  and the rights of citizens. This element states that Maori will have the British Crown’s protection and all the same rights as British subjects (Archives New Zealand, 2012). It is the definition of what constitutes same rights or Oritetanga that is at the heart of the matter. One viewpoint is to interpret Oritetanga as meaning the right to enjoy benefits that result in equal outcomes. Another is to define Oritetanga as access to equal opportunities meaning that there should be no distinction between the opportunities available for Maori and non-Maori (Barrett & Connolly-Stone, 1998). It does not matter which viewpoint is preferred as the end result should always be that Maori advance equally with non-Maori (Humpage & Fleras, 2001). This is in line with the comment from Theunissen (2006, p. 284) that â€Å"Where human rights pertain to Oritetanga, Maori have the right to be protected from discriminat ion and inequitable health outcomes†. According to Upton (1992) the New Zealand government has agreed that major differences still exist between the health status of Maori and non-Maori that cannot be ignored and that part of the problem is the rigidity of the health system causing it to be unable or reluctant to respond to Maori needs. This is in contrast to spirit of element three of Te Tiriti which infers indirectly to the notion of equal partnerships and monetary and cultural security, both of which contributes to hauora (spirit of life/health) of Maori. The continued poor response of the health system to improve Maori health can therefore be viewed as a violation of element three of Te Tiriti. Hill et al. (2010) concurs with the above in that Maori does not experience access to equal opportunities of quality and timely health care. Their view is one of Maori experiencing differential access and receiving health services from providers that practises institutional racism and professional prejudice (interpersonal racism). This in turn causes a negative impact on Maori self believe due to internalising the racism in their personal attitudes or beliefs (Hill et al., 2010). It is in this regard that the role of the nurse becomes critical important. It is generally acknowledged that the nurse’s individual cultural view point  sways his/her ability and manner they work with patients to forming trusted relationships. This framework may lead to societal prejudice when Maori is seen as being â€Å"personally responsible for their disparities due to an inferiority of genes and lack of intelligence or effort in caring for self† (Reid & Robson, 2006, p. 5). This is where cultural safe practises need to be applied in order to identify and resolve personal attitudes that may put Maori at risk. Safe practises also promote open mindedness that allows the health care professional to provide health services in line with Maori beliefs of healing and health. Such an approach will improve trust between the parties concerned and trust by Maori in the health care system. At the individual patient level nurses play an important role as they act as intermediaries between the health care professional and the client. The factors that influence the nurse’s professional ability in this framework are seen as cultural safety, advocating for patient rights and applying Maori models of care in preference to the biomedical model used in most western societies. According to Jansen et al. (2008) nurse-led interventions are the most fitting for providing healthcare services because they embrace culturally personalized approaches while Barton & Wilson (2008) see a Maori-centred move towards caring as supporting the nurse’s ability to provide culturally suitable care. Cram et al. (2003) go as far as to suggest that if health concepts are developed by Maori for Maori then the likelihood of wrongly representing cultural values will be eliminated. The role of the nurse in advocating for patient’s rights can be done at two levels. At the lower level it may involve interacting with the health profession in order to avoid bias towards Maori whilst at the highest level it may involve the nursing workforce acting as one to ensure changes in the health system that is fair to Maori. Action at both levels will endeavour to establish a consistent approach to be followed resulting in enhancing Oritetanga at social policy level (Jansen & Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010). The Maori model of care Te Pae Mahutonga supports the development of a holistic approach in health care that is aimed at prevention rather than the â€Å"diagnosis and treatment† approach which is reflected in the biomedical  model. The hospital environment which forms the cornerstone of the biomedical approach is seen as unsuitable for Maori health improvement as they require access to mobile health care services in local and rural communities not hospitals. Whanua (broader family) participation is seen as an important part of the healing process and requires support mechanisms to enable this. Support mechanisms do not only include access to transport and housing but also an understanding of the role of karakia (prayer), Tapu and noa (risk and safety) and Wairua (spiritual force) (Ngati Kahungunu Iwi, 2003). The conclusion that can be reached from the above discussion is that Maori does not enjoy a level playing field as far as health care services are concerned and that the spirit of element three of Te Tiriti o Waitangi is not adhered to by government. Most Maori health plans emphasise the importance of interpersonal relationships, awareness of Maori belief systems, cultural identity and Maori lifestyle as important to health and see the development of health plans by Maori for Maori as one of the most important factors that will contribute to improving health care for Maori. References Archives New Zealand. (2012). 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